His death created more mail after article than any in the papers history. The photo was taken in an abandoned Illinois barn, where Rhoades killed Walters after cutting off her hair and making her wear a black dress and heels. Jon Krakauer wrote an article in 1993 titled "Death of an Innocent" for Outside Magazine, which publicized Chris's story and placed it in the national spotlight. In the years since the 1992 death of American wanderer Christopher McCandless in backcountry Alaskainside a derelict Fairbanks City Transit System bus numbered 142the site has become a. Carr then led cops on a high-speed chase before being killed in a standoff. Five days after this photo was taken, Dilawar succumbed to injuries sustained during torture. While staying in Niland Slabs, a seventeen-year-old named Tracy pursued McCandless romantically; however, McCandless rejected her advances. After subsisting for three months on a marginal diet of squirrels, porcupines, small birds, mushrooms, roots, and berries, hed run up a huge caloric deficit and was teetering on the brink. 18. Heavy eyelids catch glimpses of an age-old story; someone daring to challenge the status-quo. The victim experiences much trouble just to stand up. Many become rapidly too weak to walk. [Outside link] Recovered photos from McCandless' camera [Outside article] A treasure trove of unpublished letters and never . In September, his decomposing body, weighing only 67 pounds (30kg), was found inside the bus by a hunter. Christopher McCandless, in full, Christopher Johnson McCandless, was born in El Segundo, California. Alaskan Park Ranger Peter Christian wrote: When you consider McCandless from my perspective, you quickly see that what he did wasn't even particularly daring, just stupid, tragic, and inconsiderate. In the book, Kari explicitly warns that because wild sweet pea closely resembles wild potato, and is reported to be poisonous, care should be taken to identify them accurately before attempting to use the wild potato as food. And then she explains precisely how to distinguish the two plants from one another. Nationwide News Pty Ltd 2023. The death of Chris McCandless was an extremely controversial subject that involved many different people . Photographs make it clear he shot it,. Hank Carr (center), who later used a hidden key to escape incarceration and murdered the two detectives on the left and far right. 7. Jon Krakauers most recent books are Three Cups of Deceit, Where Men Win Glory, and Under the Banner of Heaven.. It had been speculated that McCandless was responsible for vandalizing several cabins in the area that were stocked with food, survival equipment, and emergency supplies. Ive received thousands of letters from people who admire McCandless for his rejection of conformity and materialism in order to discover what was authentic and what was not, to test himself, to experience the raw throb of life without a safety net. It is nowhere near full flood. Christopher mccandless self-portrait found undeveloped in his camera with a sign that read "I have had a happy life and thank the lord. But last December, a writer named Ronald Hamilton posted a paper on the Internet that brings fascinating new facts to the discussion. You can contact the webmaster on the email address Self-portrait photographs and journal entries indicate he foraged for edible plants and hunted game including porcupines, squirrels, and birds such as ptarmigans and Canada geese. As Hamilton explains it, he became acquainted with the McCandless story in 2002, when he happened upon a copy of Into the Wild, flipped through its pages, and suddenly thought to himself, I know why this guy died. A stowaway on a flight from Japan to Australia accidentally falls from the wheel well of a plane. However, the meat spoiled within days after he failed in his efforts to preserve it. Chris Mccandless Last Photo. Krakauer told Walt that he needed to copyright the photos. Hamilton, it turns out, has discovered hitherto unknown evidence that appears to close the book on the cause of McCandlesss death. McCandless's story was adapted by screenwriter Chip Johannessen into a 1998 episode of Chris Carter's television series Millennium, titled "Luminary. note, and the photos, when developed, included many self-portraits. There are also 2 Youtube videos of the bus where Chris was found. I am all alone, this is no joke. Nick Jans recalls his own encounters with the stories and tragic deaths of Timothy Treadwell and Chris McCandless. 19 Internet Artifacts and Memes for Seasoned Web Veterans, 52 Dank Memes and Dope Pics You Don't Need a Prescription For, 20 Cringey Posts That Will Make You Uncomfortable. [54] Ron Lamothe's documentary The Call of the Wild (2007) also covers McCandless's life story. McCandless was stated to be traveling with a "big backpack" and would give a false name if asked his identity. The only thing left for them to do at that point is to crawl. After graduating from Emory University in Georgia in 1990, McCandless traveled across North America and eventually hitchhiked to Alaska in April 1992. His theory validates my conviction that McCandless wasnt as clueless and incompetent as his detractors have made him out to be. below or make a comment on facebook or our forum. Please contact us before using any of the pictures found on this website. [29], On September 6, 1992, a group of hunters who were looking for shelter for the night came upon the converted bus where McCandless had been staying. on bus 142, Same model Datsun B210 19/19 [55], The book Back to the Wild (2011) compiles photographs, postcards and journal entries by McCandless. He was described as very suspicious of people around him, unkempt, and smelling due to lack of hygiene. He arrived at the Stampede Trail without even a map of the area. Chris McCandless Character Analysis. An Alaska state repository, the Museum of the North made a proposal to exhibit the bus, winning out over other museums. Gives overview of chris- his intensity. Hamilton is neither a botanist nor a chemist; hes a writer who until recently worked as a bookbinder at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania library. analysis. [28] The exact date and time of his death are unknown. In some cases inmates had been rapidly reduced to crawling on their backsides to make their ways through the compound . McCandless's so-called journal of his 133 days in Alaska is so pathetic in the description of anything that it is hard to tell what he did with the moose. But a reporter discovered that behind the faade of innovation were lies and links to Russian intelligence. The Detroit Police Department has released details and images about Chris Cornell's suicide by hanging. [19] Wayne Westerburg recalls McCandless stating that he hoped to get married and have a family in his future. CHRIS McCANDLESS AUGUST ? Leave a sympathy Ron McCandless 1952-2005 - Ancestry WhatCulture is part of Future plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Hamiltons discovery that McCandless perished because he ate toxic seeds is unlikely to persuade many Alaskans to regard McCandless in a more sympathetic light, but it may prevent other backcountry foragers from accidentally poisoning themselves. Get book recommendations, fiction, poetry, and dispatches from the world of literature in your in-box. Making a rash intuitive leap, in the first edition of Into the Wild, published in January, 1996, I wrote that this alkaloid was perhaps swainsonine, a toxic agent known to inhibit glycoprotein metabolism in animals, leading to starvation. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. To revisit this article, select My Account, thenView saved stories, To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. Symbols. A few months later, he was found dead. Leonard Siffleet, an Australian soldier during World War II, seconds before he was beheaded by a Japanese soldier. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. Picture of Chris McCandless taken days before his death as he wandered the Alaskan wilderness 2. Hamiltons essay offered persuasive new evidence that the wild-potato plant is highly toxic in and of itself, contrary to the assurances of Thomas Clausen and every other expert who has ever weighed in on the subject. It would turn out that McCandless had been dead for almost three weeks. See more ideas about chris mccandless, mccandless, christopher mccandless. Join Outside+ to get Outside magazine, access to exclusive content, 1,000s of training plans, and more. Considering that potentially crippling levels of ODAP are found in wild-potato seeds, and given the symptoms McCandless described and attributed to the wild-potato seeds he ate, there is ample reason to believe that McCandless contracted lathyrism from eating those seeds. [20], McCandless left Virginia in the summer of 1990, driving a Datsun west in an apparent cross country trip to California. What responsibility did Sam have to face after identifying Chris McCandless from photos? State officials say the abandoned bus in. Gallien tried repeatedly to persuade McCandless to delay the trip, at one point offering to detour to Anchorage and buy him suitable equipment and supplies. McCandless is the subject of Into the Wild, a nonfiction book by Jon Krakauer that was later made into a full-length feature film. After graduating from Emory University, top student and athlete Christopher McCandless abandons his possessions, gives his entire $24,000 savings account to charity and hitchhikes to Alaska to live in the wilderness. Goodbye and may God bless all!". On September 6, 1992, Chris McCandless died in an abandoned bus in the Alaskan wilderness, at the age of 24. Like many others, the visitors couldnt reach the site because of the swollen Teklanika River. 2023 Cond Nast. Please do not copy I didnt look at them. People my age are described as baby boomers, but our experiences call for a different label altogether. Photo: Chris McCandless / Wikimedia Commons / Fair Use His Rations And Equipment Were Insufficient When McCandless arrived in Alaska in 1992, he sent his friend, Wayne Westerberg, a postcard telling him he would stay there for a while before returning to South Dakota. Copyright of these pictures is held by the Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation. Goodbye and may god bless all!" He worked at this job for the remainder of 1991, until one day suddenly quitting and leaving his supervisor a postcard which read: McCandless then headed to Colorado, where he used money from his job to buy kayak supplies as well as a handgun. Also, it was ignorance which must be forgiven, for the facts underlying his death were to remain unrecognized to all, scientists and lay people alike, literally for decades. As the New Yorker explains, Chris McCandless' body was found on September 6, 1992. . After his death, many rolled their eyes at his story and thought of him as another young fool taking unnecessary risks with surviving in the wild. When Clausen and Treadwell completed their analysis of wild-potato seeds, though, they found no trace of swainsonine or any other alkaloids. Please do not copy these pictures. Outside Magazine Featured a Profile On His Life. Wells. 8. [37][38][40] On June 18, 2020, various government agencies coordinated with an Alaska Army National Guard training mission to finally remove the bus, deemed a public safety issue after at least fifteen people had to be rescued, and at least two people died while attempting to cross the Teklanika River to reach the bus. October 1, 2022 by Normandi Valdez. These are pictures of Christopher McCandless and of the bus As Hamilton explains. Final image of Vladimir Lenin --- founder of the Soviet Union --- in 1923. After encountering waterfalls, through which he could no longer navigate in a canoe, McCandless abandoned his river journey and spent a few days alone at the village of El Golfo de Santa Clara (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}314113N 1142949W / 31.687N 114.497W / 31.687; -114.497), in the state of Sonora. 11. Curiously, Hamilton reports, ODAP. To establish once and for all whether Hedysarum alpinum is toxic, last month I sent a hundred and fifty grams of freshly collected wild-potato seeds to Avomeen Analytical Services, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, for H.P.L.C. The body of Chris McCandless was found in an old bus in the Alaskan wilderness in 1992 and the most haunting thing about this was the journal, notes and photos he left behind, which act as a voice beyond the grave. Jon Krakauer was already a frequent writer for the magazine, and Chris's story struck a chord . Freddie Mercury last picture taken 6. Yet unsatisfied with his own theory and still suspecting potato seeds to be involved with McCandless' death, Krakauer takes some seeds from Chris' campsite to scientists for testing. Four months later, Chris paid the ultimate price and starved to death, weighing only 30 kilograms when found. For many, this was their first trip to the bus. But he didn't give up. Former president Ronald Reagan on his 89th birthday. His journey, as documented in the book "Into the Wild," was one of personal discovery outside of the conventional American lifestyle. Per Outside Online, the body was discovered in a sleeping bag, decomposed and emaciated. It even affects people within those age groups differently . bus where Chris was found. Because Hedysarum alpinum is described as a nontoxic species in both the scientific literature and in popular books about edible plants, my conjecture was met with no small amount of derision, especially in Alaska. McCandless's final written journal entry, noted as "Day 107", simply read, "BEAUTIFUL BLUE BERRIES. On the brink of death Chris Mccandless waves good bye and writes a final message 14. That same year, McCandless became the subject of Ron Lamothe's documentary The Call of the Wild. visit book. "[14], McCandless travelled to Southern California and reconnected with relatives and friends in the summer of 1986. But Ive also received plenty of mail from people who think he was an idiot who came to grief because he was arrogant, woefully unprepared, mentally unbalanced, and possibly suicidal. Woodson High School in Fairfax, Virginia. [14] At this point, McCandless headed back to the bus and re-established his camp. 12. [6] The article notes that while occasional ingestion of foodstuffs containing ODAP is not hazardous for healthy individuals eating a balanced diet, "individuals suffering from malnutrition, stress, and acute hunger are especially sensitive to ODAP, and are thus highly susceptible to the incapacitating effects of lathyrism after ingesting the neurotoxin". However, McCandless ignored Gallien's persistent warnings and refused his offers of assistance (though he did accept a pair of Xtratufs, two sandwiches, and a packet of corn chips from Gallien). They were among scores of travellers who have been drawn over the years to the place where the 24-year-old Virginian starved to death after more than three months alone trying to live off a harsh landscape. "[53], An eponymous 2007 film adaptation of Into the Wild, directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless, received a number of awards, including Best Picture from the American Film Institute. The podcast You're Wrong About discussed McCandless for its February 27, 2023 episode. Remo Samel said his uncle was a good man, as well as a talented mechanic. If he [had] had a good map he could have walked out of his predicament [] Essentially, Chris McCandless committed suicide.[47]. [7], In March 2015, Krakauer co-authored a scientific analysis of the Hedysarum alpinum seeds McCandless ate. Upon entering, they smelled what they thought was rotting food and discovered "a lump" in a sleeping bag in the back of the bus. Krakauer claimed it was this period of rain that caused flooding and prevented McCandless from crossing the Teklanika River and walking to safety. Noting McCandless' unpreparedness, the man who drops him off gives him gumboots. Thank you, Chris McCandless. By the end of the summer, McCandless had reached the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, where a flash flood disabled his car. The story of Christopher McCandless will be familiar to anyone who watched the 2007 film Into the Wild, which was a biographical dramatisation of the events preceding his death. He put forward the proposal that McCandless starved to death because he was suffering from paralysis in his legs induced by lathyrism, which prevented him from gathering food or hiking. McCandless was briefly held in custody but released without charges after his gun was confiscated. All those pictures were in a bank vault for more than a decade, says Walt, now 75, who lives with 66-year-old Billie in Virginia Beach. Photo by Willie Fulton, courtesy Nick Jans. [14] McCandless was an academic high achiever. The probable cause of death, according to the coroners report, was starvation. Krakauer was confused. The couple had not gone inside the bus, becoming unnerved by the smell of decay and a note taped onto the back exit of the bus that included the phrase, I am injured, near-death and too weak to hike out of here.. 13. The adventurous life and tragic death of Christopher McCandless in the Alaskan wilderness was popularized by author Jon Krakauer in his 1996 novel Into the Wild and a 2007 film adaptation. This photo taken by McCandless on a timer shows him holding a sign that read "I have had a happy life and thank the lord. STARVING. "Presence of l-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the death of Chris McCandless." STARVING. Flickr/The Alaska Landmine The back of the famous "Chris McCandless" bus. The book Into the Wild written by Jon Krakauer, is about a teenager named Chris McCandless leaving society and traveling to Alaska by himself with nothing else but a bag of rice and a small .22 caliber gun. Stampede Trail, People magazine article on Chris Upon. If the vigilante captures the public's imagination, animated debates are triggered for a few short . (Sgt. Twenty-one years ago this month, on September 6, 1992, the decomposed body of Christopher McCandless was discovered by moose hunters just outside the northern boundary of Denali National Park. He stood on a stump, reached through a window and gave the bag is shake. He continues: "In 1992, however, there were no more blank spots on the mapnot in Alaska, not anywhere. Once the inmates had ingested enough of the culprit plant, it was as if a silent fire had been lit within their bodies. [25], McCandless's journal documents 113 days in the area. An investigative report will be provided to the state Department of Law to determine if deadly force was justified by a trooper and a Wasilla police officer, according to troopers. Just get out and do it. Into the Wild Summary and Analysis of Chapters 10-11. After Hamilton read Into the Wild and became convinced that ODAP was responsible for McCandlesss sad end, he approached Dr. Jonathan Southard, the assistant chair of the chemistry department at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and persuaded Southard to have one of his students, Wendy Gruber, test the seeds of both Hedysarum alpinum and Hedysarum mackenzii for ODAP. One of my all-time favourite books is Into the Wild by journalist Jon Krakauer.The film adaptation by Sean Penn was also superb. After Chris' death and identification, his parents visited the "magic bus" where he had perished. 6. Ronald Hamilton, a retired bookbinder at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania,[7] suggested a link between the symptoms described by McCandless and the poisoning of Jewish prisoners in the concentration camp at Vapniarca. [] Because I am in the unique position as both an Alaskan park ranger and a person who is, in many ways, like Chris McCandless, I feel I can speak with some authority on the subject. In a fascinating 2013 followup article in The New Yorker, Krakauer finally confirmed the cause of McCandless' death: a toxic amino acid in wild potato seeds, previously thought to be benign. He then navigated the Colorado River, without a permit, and was occasionally pursued by wildlife and park rangers who had heard of his exploits from other river travelers, several of whom had been concerned that McCandless had been seen white water rafting in dangerous areas of the river with no safety equipment. . Sherry Simpson, writing in the Anchorage Press, described her trip to the bus with a friend, and their reaction upon reading the comments that tourists had left lauding McCandless as an insightful, Thoreau-like figure: Among my friends and acquaintances, the story of Christopher McCandless makes great after-dinner conversation. These are pictures of Christopher McCandless and of the bus where he passed away. Christopher McCandless never sought fame or notoriety. S.O.S. IN THE NAME OF GOD, PLEASE REMAIN TO SAVE ME. Chris McCandless Went Into The Alaskan Wilderness In 1992 And Never Came Out By Katie Serena Published January 30, 2022 Updated February 1, 2022 Chris McCandless was an ambitious young man who insisted on trekking into the wilds of Alaska on his own. He had been assigned the story and had written it under a tight deadline. Its been estimated that, in the twentieth century, more than a hundred thousand people worldwide were permanently paralyzed from eating grass pea. Shortly after the photo was taken, she returned to the lobby of the south tower. After July 30th, his physical condition went to hell, and three weeks later he was dead. One witness described McCandless as "generally strange, weird, with a weird energy".[22]. A toxin that targets persons exhibiting and experiencing precisely those characteristics and conditions . - Took his photos he had taken of himself to identify him . The Silent Fire: ODAP and the Death of Christopher McCandless, Photographs courtesy the family of Chris McCandless. Within the description of Chris McCandless's final photo, taken right outside the bus he would soon die in. [13] He excelled academically, although a number of teachers and fellow students observed that he "marched to the beat of a different drummer." [30], Krakauer also speculated that McCandless might have been poisoned by a toxic alkaloid called swainsonine, after eating sweet-vetch seeds (Hedysarum alpinum or Hedysarum mackenzii) containing the toxin, or possibly by a mold that can grow on them, when he put them into a plastic bag. [19] He was also heavily influenced by 19th-century American writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau and was engrossed by his essay On the Duty of Civil Disobedience. 14-year-old Regina Kay Walters was one of the numerous women held in an 18-wheeler equipped with a torture chamber in the back. In Denali National park on September 6, 1992, two hunters stumbled across the lifeless body of Chris McCandless and his bus. Ad Choices. I'd eat it myself. McCandless had grown tired of modern life, and decided to spend some time alone in the Alaskan wilderness. He was right. Id eat it myself.. FAULT OF POT[ATO] SEED. His certainty about the cause of his failing health gnawed at me. 2. A scientist behind Russias Sputnik Covid vaccine was reportedly strangled to death with a belt in the latest of several mystery murders across the country. The article. There were no toxins. mail@christophermccandless.info, Memorial left by Christopher's parents Future Publishing Limited Quay House, The Ambury, Bath BA1 1UA. Eskimo potato seeds (Hedysarum alpinum) harvested by McCandless for food on July 18, 1992, in a 0ne-gallon Ziploc bag. McCandless sets up camp in an abandoned city bus that he calls "The Magic Bus". Goodbye and may god bless all!" : r/lastimages Posted by Elena_xoxo Christopher mccandless self-portrait found undeveloped in his camera with a sign that read "I have had a happy life and thank the lord. One of his photos depicts a one-gallon Ziploc bag stuffed with these seeds. McCandless had grown tired of modern life, and decided to spend some time alone in the Alaskan wilderness. Chris McCandless - Into The Wild journal, diary, biography and family. W hen a zealot's passion receives media attention it usually feels like a stale late-night re-run. Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the days before his assassination, which would then spark World War I. In 1992, Boulder author Jon Krakauer's editor at Outside magazine tossed him a curious news item about a young man named Chris McCandless, who apparently had starved to death after trying to . The photos chart McCandlesss epic canoe trip down the Colorado River, his abandoned car in Arizona, his work with Westerberg on the plains of South Dakota, and his joyous existence and gradual starvation in Alaska. National Park Service, "Papers and Working Files of NPS Employees" (February 2020), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "The Call of the Wild: Into the Wild Debunked", "Chemists Dispute How 'Into The Wild' Protagonist Chris McCandless Died", "The fiction that is Jon Krakauer's 'Into the Wild', 'Into the Wild' Chris McCandless' Sister Says He Was Determined to Cut Ties with Parents, "Remembering an Athlete Who Never Returned From the Wild", "Death of an Innocent: How Christopher McCandless Lost His Way in the Wilds", "The beatification of Chris McCandless: From thieving poacher into saint", "Examining Chris McCandless, 20 years after he went 'Into the Wild', "Theory on Chris McCandless' Death - Ronald Hamilton 1", "When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us", "Newlywed swept away in Alaska trying to reach 'into the Wild' bus", "Helicopter removes 'Into the Wild' bus that lured Alaska travelers to their deaths", "Alaska National Guard airlifts "Into the Wild" bus from Stampede Trail", Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, "Nearly 30 years after 'Into the Wild' hiker's death, infamous bus removed from Alaska wilderness", "Alaska Airlifts 'Into the Wild' Bus Out of the Wild", "Famous McCandless 'Bus 142' moved to UAF's Museum of the North", Chris McCandless from a Park Ranger's Perspective, "Chris McCandless from Another Alaska Park Ranger's Perspective", "You're Wrong About -- Chris McCandless with Blair Braverman", "Christopher McCandless Finding the Christopher McCandless Bus", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_McCandless&oldid=1142389890, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 03:38. There, he entered the Alaskan bush with minimal supplies, hoping to live simply off the land. these pictures. I began sifting through the scientific literature, searching for information that would allow me to reconcile McCandlesss adamantly unambiguous statement with Clausens equally unambiguous test results. When McCandlesss body was found in the Alaskan bush, Outside magazine asked me to write about the puzzling circumstances of his demise. starved to death. An article runs about the unidentified body being found in the Anchorage Daily News, and Jim Gallien sees it, and is fairly sure it is "Alex," so he calls the state troopers. Back at the bus, the sun was dropping, prompting trip guide and Fairbanks weatherman Ed Plumb to remind the group that the temperature was about to do the same. There is no indication of McCandless having any romantic partners throughout his life and he is believed to have remained celibate, although his sister Carine recalls how one night as a teenager McCandless drunkenly attempted to bring a girl up to his room which awakened his mother Billie who sent the girl home. I AM INJURED, NEAR DEATH, AND TOO WEAK TO HIKE OUT OF HERE. [22], In April 1992, McCandless hitchhiked from South Dakota to Fairbanks, Alaska. He landed successfully, but lost his balance and fell to his death. The ODAP, a toxic amino acid, had not been detected by Clausen's previous studies of the seeds because he had suspected and tested for a toxic alkaloid, rather than an amino acid, as no scientist had previously suspected that Hedysarum alpinum seeds contained this toxin. [Original article]Death of an Inn ocent: How Christopher McCan dless lost his way in the wilds Print, read, and annotate the . . One of these factors include McCandless running the risk of "rabbit starvation", from over-relying on lean meat for nutrition. Above: Chris McCandlesss final photo, a self-portrait holding his farewell note. In July, after living in the bus for a little over two months, he decided to head back to civilization, but the trail was blocked by the impassable Teklanika River swollen with late-summer runoff from the Cantwell Glacier; the watercourse by that stage was considerably higher and swifter than when he had crossed in April. Self portrait of Chris McCandless taken days before his death as he wandered the Alaskan wilderness. Surveillance footage of American terrorist Timothy McVeigh stopping in his rental truck to light the fuse. Because the wild potato was universally believed to be safe to eat, in this article I speculated that McCandless had mistakenly consumed the seeds of the wild sweet pea, Hedysarum mackenziia plant thought to be toxic, and which is hard to distinguish from Hedysarum alpinum.
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