In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. Ed Keazor Follow Barrister-at-Law Advertisement Advertisement Recommended Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. Hope Waddell, Samuel Edgerley and four others. cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. Unblock notifications in browser settings. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. ,sister Watz. What role does religion play in society today? Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". According to Historians, this technique of indigo-dyeing was developed in the Dogon kingdom in Mali (West Africa) dating back to the 11th century. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. Write the meaning in the blank. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. [59] According to Rev. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. But most importantly, it should be mentioned that if its members did not support the ostensible reality of ekpe, as a thing to be feared and appeased, then the It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. . [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. Photo by Jordan Fenton. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. [37] The items believed to have been taken include Ikpaya (woven raffia robe), Akata (throne) and Ayang (Broom). by Web Services Editor. This is UKARA cloth used by the Ekpe society in a handful of places in Nigeria, Cameroon The symbols are nisbidi You even scanned the raffia marks left from resist dyeing I hope you won't sue the owners in future! It may not display this or other websites correctly. The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. To be a member, one must be a part of Yoruba nobility. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. ekpe society cameroonworld market toblerone. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. [26][28] This theory was narrated at the Hart's enquiry by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku but has been criticised by Uruan writers such as Dominic Essien. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. [67] As of 1877, Alexander Ross reported that thirteen towns in the Cameroon region speak Efik and had an aggregate population of about 22,000. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. That is why Sisiku Ojong Orock after consultation with the other Ekpe members and Sisiku Mfonten Mbu decided to acquire his own Nkanda Lodge in April 2003. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. Nair dates the arrival of the Efik towards the end of the seventeenth century or the beginning of the eighteenth century. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. [40] GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Photo by Eli Bentor. After World War II, a movement called the _____ Movement was founded by such writers as Leopold Sedar Senghor and Leon Damas, to support using Western literary forms, while writing in African languages. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . . As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. JavaScript is disabled. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight. In the culture we have discussed, the term jamu refers to: each person's family name, which connects the person to a famous character in the story of Sunjata. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. . Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. Cameroon with the Ekpe cult. Known generally as Ekpe, Egbo, Ngbe, or Ugbe among the multi-lingual groups in the region, these closed groups all used the leopard as a symbol of masculine prowess in war and political authority in their various communities. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. According to E.U. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. Talbot asserts that a great cotton tree had fallen down on many of the Abayen and in their pride of numbers, they believed they could hold the cotton tree. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. Law and order in Efik society was maintained via a number of secret societies. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. In its vastness, the Ekpe is a well structured society with semi-caste characteristics, in that, there are categories and titles which one may qualify to be initiated into, while others are strictly reserved for persons of certain status and backgrounds. Among those who migrated with the Ngolo were various other nations who would later become part of the Oroko ethnic group. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. clothing stores in columbia mall [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. "[20] Corrections? The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. Proponents of this theory range from missionaries, explorers, colonial anthropologists and later historians. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. The Ekpe Society or Mgbe society as it is also fondly called is very reputable and covers a wider range of ethnic groups such as: the Efut; the Efik; the Qua-Ejegham, and the Okonko ( the Igbo-speaking areas). Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. Hugh, Goldie. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. The Efik Language and Its Future. [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik.
Converting 2 Family To 3 Family House Massachusetts,
Studebakers For Sale Craigslist Washington State,
Lorain County Court Docket,
This Is Grimsby Recent Deaths,
Jim Keltner Personal Life,
Articles E
English